Presentation of Acid and base

The manufacture of Biodiesel from used cooking oil

ABSTRACT The increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental benefits of biodiesel fuel has made it more attractive in recent times. Its primary advantages deal with it being one of the most renewable fuels currently available and it is also non-toxic and biodegradable. It can also be used directly in most diesel engines without requiring extensive engine modifications. However, the cost of biodiesel is the major hurdle to its commercialization in comparison to petroleum-based diesel fuel. The high cost is primarily due to the raw material, mostly neat cooking oil. Used cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biodiesel production. However, the products formed during frying, can affect the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil offers a triple-facet solution: economic, environmen...

Mechanical and durability Behavior of fiber reinforced concrete incorporating deferent types of natural, pp and steel fibers

1. Introduction As an important building material, concrete has been widely used in civil engineering applications such as bridges and roads engineering, and the related experimental study of the mechanical properties of concrete was also fruitful . With the vigorous development of engineering construction, high-performance concretes such as fiber-reinforced concrete was applied gradually in important engineering structures . Among these high-performance concretes, for the advantages of low cost, easy fabrication, and performance improvements, obviously, steel fiber-reinforced concrete was used widely in the current engineering field . However, the study showed that uneven incorporation of steel fiber would affect the fluidity and uniformity of concrete mixing and even result in fiber bonding, which eventually affects the reinforcement effect of mechanical properties. Up to now, most research paid attention on the improvement effect of different types of fiber or optimum fiber co...

Chemical reaction and equation

Chemical reactions - The transformation of chemical substance into a new chemical substance by making and breaking of bonds between different atoms is known as Chemical Reaction. Signs of a chemical reaction These factors denote that a chemical reaction has taken place- change of state of substance, change of color of substance,evolution of heat, absorption of heat, evolution of gas and evolution of light. Chemical Equation: The representation of chemical reaction by means of symbols of substances in the form of formulae is called chemical equation. E.g. - H 2 + O 2 ⇒ H 2 O Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has number atoms of each element equal on both left and right sides of the reaction. *No...

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