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NAME REACTION

 BRIEF  THEORY , REACTION,  MECHANISM AND APPLICATION OF

  1.     Sandmeyer  Reaction      
  2.     Reimer Tiemann Reaction 
  3.     Hofmann Bromamide Reaction       

1-Sandmeyer Reaction

§  Sandmeyer  reaction  affords  a useful  method  for  introducing   a halogen   substituent   at  the  desired   position  of  an  aromatic  ring  .

§  The   method  involves   the  conversion  of  an  aromatic  primary  amine   into  an  aryl  diazonium  salt   by  treatment  with  nitrous  acid in  the  presence  of  mineral  acid  (usually  Hydrochloric  acid  and  sulphuric  acid )   at  low  temperature   (0-5°C )   subsequent  decomposition  of the  diazonium  salt  by  heating  with  cuprous  chloride  or  bromide  in  the  presence  of an  excess  of  the  corresponding  halogen  acid  gives  aryl  chloride  or  bromide  .

§  The  overall   reaction  is  thus  the  replacement  of the  amino  group  of  the  aromatic  amine  by  halogens.

REACTION:

MECHANISM:

§    It seems   that  cuprous  copper  has  the  power  to  reduce  diazonium   ion to  aryl  radical  by  oxidation – reduction  involving  one  electron  transfer  . The  copper  first  act  as  reducing  and  then  as  oxidizing  agent. 

Formation of  Benzenediazonium ion :

Sandmeyer reaction

Application and  Extension:

Sandmeyer   reaction  for  the  preparation  of  arylhalides  from  diazonium  salt  is more  important  than  direct  halogenations  for  several  reasons .

§  Direct  halogenations  of  aromatic  compounds  gives  a  mixture  of   isomers  so  that  the  yield  of  the  desire  isomer  is  low  and  difficult  to  separate .

§  Aryl  iodide   and  fluorides  which  are  seldom  prepared  by  direct  halogenations  can  be  prepared  by  Sandmeyer  reaction  and  schiemann reaction   respectively  .

§  In  some  case  direct  halogenations  at  a particular  position  is  not   possible  for  reasons  of  electronic   factor  but  this  has  been   possible  through   Sandmeyer  reaction  .

§  Preparation  of  meta-dichlorobenzene :

2. Reimer Tiemann Reaction 

 Formylation  of  phenols  with  chloroform  in alkaline  solution  is known  as  Reir Tiemann Reaction .

§      The  method is  applicable  to  phenols  and  some  hetero cyclic  compounds .

§    A  mixture  of  ortho  and  para  isomers  is  abtained  in  which  the  ortho  isomer  predominates .

§  If  one  of  the  ortho  position  is  occupied  the  the  para isomer  is  the  major  product . 

  Mechanism :

§  The  reaction  is  carried  out  by  refluxing  and alkaline  solution  of  phenol  and  chloroform  at 60ºc  for  sometimes  .

§   

§  It  is  belived   that  chloroform  and  sodium  hydroxide   react  to  produce  an  electron  deficient   electrophile   dicholoro  carbene .

§  Dichloro carbene   then  attacks  the  aromatic  ring  to  yield   a  dichloro  anion. 

§   Which  takes  of  a  proton  from  the  solvent  .

§  Tautomerizes  to  ortho  dichloro methyl phenol   which  after  hydrolysis  and  acidification  gives   salicyaldehyde. 


 

 

ApApplication:

            The  reaction   affords  a good  method  for  introducing   aldehyde  or  carboxylic  group  in  phenols .

Pppreparation  of  vanillin :

GuGuaiacol                                      vanillin           

        Preparation  of  piperonal :


        

        Ã˜ Preparation of acid 

         

        Formylation of napthol : 

             

        Hofmann Bromamide  Reaction:

                    The  reaction  involves  the  conversion  of  an  amide  into  primary  amine  with  one  carbon  less  ,  by  the  action  of  alkaline  hypohalite  .

        The overall  reaction  is  : 

       

         

      Where  R  may  be  aliphatic  ,aromatic  or  hetrocyclic  .

         Mechanism : 

       The  mechanism   has been  suggested  on the  basis  of  the  intermediates   isolated  during  the  course  of  reaction  .

        

         §  In   the  first  step  N-bromamide  is  formed  by  the  usual  reaction  of  hypobromite  on  primary  amines .

§  This  fallows  the  removal  of  the  acidic  hydrogen  from  the  N-atom  by  the  base  to  form  N- bromamide  anion  in  the  second  step  .

§  In  the  third  step  loss of  bromine  results  in  the  formation  of the  highly  reactive  acylnitrene.

§  In  the  fourth step  migration  of  r  to  the  electron  deficient  nitrogen  gives  the  isocyanate .

§  The  latter  react  with  water  to give  carbamic  acid  which  spontaneously  eliminates  carbon  dioxide  to  yield   the  amine .

§  By  careful control  of  experimental  condition  the  intermediates    N-bromamide   ,its  anion  and  isocyanate   have  been  isolated  .This  conform  the  mechanism .

Application :

 Formation  of amines :

 

 

§  It  is  very  useful  method  for  the  preparation  of  amines .

§  acid and amides to amine .

Higher amides  give  nitriles   which  can be reduce  to amines .

Urea  gives  the  valuable  reagent  hydrazine .

Prepartion  of  β-amino  pyridine  from  nicotinamide .

CONCLUSION

§        As  well  as  the  powerful  all carbon  Diels Alder  reaction  the  aza  diels alder  reaction  has  played  an important  role  in  the total  synthesis  of  natural  product . The  synthesis  of  natural  product  remains  highly  challenging  and  will  no  doubt  see  ennormous  advance in  the  future  .

§           This  reaction  is  for  the  formation  of benzonitriles  , to creat  aryl  halides     ,to  creat  aryl compounds  functionalised  by  triflouromethyl  substituent  groups.

§  The symmetrical structure of Î±-phenyl propanamide does not change after Hofmann reaction.

                         

           

                  




 





 





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