BRIEF THEORY , REACTION, MECHANISM AND APPLICATION OF
- Sandmeyer Reaction
- Reimer Tiemann Reaction
- Hofmann Bromamide Reaction
1-Sandmeyer Reaction
§ Sandmeyer reaction
affords a useful method
for introducing a halogen
substituent at the
desired position of
an aromatic ring .
§
The
method involves the
conversion of an
aromatic primary amine
into an aryl
diazonium salt by
treatment with nitrous
acid in the presence
of mineral acid
(usually Hydrochloric acid
and sulphuric acid )
at low temperature
(0-5°C
) subsequent decomposition
of the diazonium salt by heating
with cuprous chloride
or bromide in
the presence of an
excess of the
corresponding halogen acid
gives aryl chloride
or bromide .
§ The overall reaction is thus the replacement of the amino group of the aromatic amine by halogens.
REACTION:
MECHANISM:
§ It
seems that cuprous
copper has the
power to reduce
diazonium ion to aryl
radical by oxidation – reduction involving
one electron transfer
. The copper first
act as reducing
and then as
oxidizing agent.
Formation of Benzenediazonium ion :
Sandmeyer reaction
Application and Extension:
Sandmeyer reaction for the preparation of arylhalides from diazonium salt is more important than direct halogenations for several reasons .
§
Direct
halogenations of aromatic
compounds gives a
mixture of isomers
so that the yield of
the desire isomer
is low and
difficult to separate .
§
Aryl
iodide and fluorides
which are seldom
prepared by direct
halogenations can be
prepared by Sandmeyer
reaction and schiemann reaction respectively
.
§
In
some case direct
halogenations at a particular
position is not
possible for reasons
of electronic factor
but this has
been possible through
Sandmeyer reaction .
§ Preparation of meta-dichlorobenzene :
2. Reimer Tiemann Reaction
Formylation of
phenols with chloroform
in alkaline solution is known as Reir Tiemann Reaction .
§ The
method is applicable to
phenols and some
hetero cyclic compounds .
§ A
mixture of ortho
and para isomers
is abtained in
which the ortho
isomer predominates .
§
If
one of the
ortho position is
occupied the the
para isomer is the
major product .
Mechanism :
§ The reaction
is carried out by refluxing
and alkaline solution of
phenol and chloroform
at 60ºc for sometimes
.
§
§ It is
belived that chloroform
and sodium hydroxide
react to produce
an electron deficient
electrophile dicholoro carbene .
§ Dichloro
carbene then attacks
the aromatic ring
to yield a
dichloro anion.
§ Which
takes of a
proton from the
solvent .
§ Tautomerizes to
ortho dichloro methyl phenol which
after hydrolysis and
acidification gives salicyaldehyde.
ApApplication:
The
reaction affords a good
method for introducing
aldehyde or carboxylic
group in phenols .
Pppreparation of
vanillin :
GuGuaiacol vanillin
Preparation of piperonal :
Ø Preparation of acid
Formylation of napthol :
Hofmann Bromamide Reaction:
The reaction involves the conversion of an amide into primary amine with one carbon less , by the action of alkaline hypohalite .
The overall reaction is :
Where
R may be
aliphatic ,aromatic or
hetrocyclic .
Mechanism :
The mechanism has been suggested on the basis of the intermediates isolated during the course of reaction .
§ In the first step N-bromamide is formed by the usual reaction of hypobromite on primary amines .
§ This fallows
the removal of the acidic
hydrogen from the
N-atom by the
base to form
N- bromamide anion in
the second step .
§ In the
third step loss of
bromine results in
the formation of the
highly reactive acylnitrene.
§ In the
fourth step migration of r to
the electron deficient
nitrogen gives the
isocyanate .
§ The latter
react with water
to give carbamic acid
which spontaneously eliminates
carbon dioxide to
yield the amine .
§ By careful control of
experimental condition the
intermediates N-bromamide
,its anion and
isocyanate have been
isolated .This conform
the mechanism .
Application
:
Formation of amines :
§ It is very useful method for the preparation of amines .
§ acid and amides to amine .
Higher amides give
nitriles which can be reduce
to amines .
Urea
gives the valuable
reagent hydrazine .
Prepartion of β-amino pyridine from nicotinamide .
CONCLUSION
§ As
well as the
powerful all carbon Diels Alder
reaction the aza
diels alder reaction has
played an important role
in the total synthesis
of natural product . The
synthesis of natural
product remains highly
challenging and will
no doubt see
ennormous advance in the
future .
§ This
reaction is for
the formation of benzonitriles , to creat
aryl halides ,to
creat aryl compounds functionalised by
triflouromethyl substituent groups.
§
The symmetrical structure of α-phenyl propanamide does not change after Hofmann
reaction.
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